Rev. Ryan Sasha-Shai Van Kush Polybius, Livy, Josephus, Mago of Carthage, Baal Hammon, Agriculture 31-38 10 (1) January, 2026 Ancient historians who documented the same Mediterranean world produced radically divergent accounts of divine activity in human affairs and, critically, of agricultural practice as a site of entity contact. This paper proposes a three-type taxonomy of ancient historiographical theology, using Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE), Livy (59 BCE–17 CE), and Josephus (37–c. 100 CE) as paradigmatic cases, with special attention to the agricultural economies of Carthage, Rome, and Judea as the material substrate on which competing historiographical theologies operated. A prefatory section establishes the Carthaginian agricultural tradition centering on Magoand#39;s 28-book treatise, the theology of Baal Hammon as supreme fertility deity, and the pre-Roman agricultural economies of North Africa and the Libyphoenician hinterland as the context within which Roman and Jewish agricultural historiography must be situated.